علامہ اقبالؒ کی علمیاتی آراء کے تناظر میں صوفیانہ مشاہدے کی خصوصیات اور فلسفیانہ معیار

Characteristics and Philosophical Test of Mystical Experience in the Light of Allama Iqbal's Epistemological Approach

Abstract

The problem of the formation of a modern Islamic civilization in the present era has always been an unsolvable problem for our sages, thinkers and philosophers. Unless the Islamic civilization is re-formed, the problems of the Muslim Ummah cannot be solved. This is why Dr. Allama Iqbal, in his sermons, has tried to solve this problem by adopting a comprehensive scientific approach.

In fact, an important element in the formation of Islamic civilization is living and certain knowledge. And an important source of certain knowledge is those heart events, which are remembered as Sufi observations or mystical experiences. Therefore, the promotion of this experience is an important means of the formation of Islamic civilization.

However, in the view of Allama Iqbal, the mystical experience is neither a disguise nor a myth; rather, in its true spirit, mystical observations and experiences have a scientific basis. Allama Iqbal draws on philosophical psychology and cognitive psychology to provide a scientific basis for these experiences.

In the present article, the philosophical foundations of Sufi experiences have been carefully examined in the light of Allama Iqbal's sermons titled "The Formation of Modern Islamic Theology". According to the author, some of the important characteristics of Sufi experiences in the eyes of Allama Iqbal are as follows: presence, inanalysable totality, all attention being directed towards the unique and one Being, the presence of reality, the interrelationship of time and Sufi observation. The distinguished author has attempted to define the epistemological criteria of these characteristics of mystical experiences from the perspective of Allama Iqbal in this article.